Robbing people of the ability to see enormous opportunities directly Essay

Denying individuals of the capacity to see tremendous open doors straightforwardly before them - Essay Example Along these lines, three of the readings which have been locked in over the span of the semester will be used to demonstrate that the current arrangement of chance and expected that exists for the person inside the United States is at last separated from the truth, which t is customarily connected with so much terms as the American dream. In such a way, it will be the objective of this writer to demonstrate to the peruser why the United States, in its current structure, guarantees a sad circumstance for some members inside its general public. Despite the fact that it isn't difficult to differ with such talking heads as Rush Limbaugh, the point that he made concerning contradicting the general degree of potential and opportunity that exists inside the United States was one more case of a portion of the absurd things that he has said over the span of his vocation. What Limbaugh said was the accompanying: â€Å"Such a comprehension denies individuals of the capacity to see the tremendo us open doors straightforwardly before them†. ... ay connect with are fundamentally far not the same as the degree of potential and opportunity that a lower class or urgently poor individual would need to use/draw upon. Taking the instance of â€Å"The Lesson†, the peruser can in a split second note that the storyteller of the piece successfully separates society into two unmistakable gatherings: those that get away from frantic neediness and those that keep on battling with the difficult real factors of life characterized by need and difficulty. Such a distinction is appeared concerning a portion of the discussions that happen close to the shop windows that display products that the young ladies have never observed, nor have any thought how they ought to be used. Junebug says in her discussion with Big Butt and Miss Moore, â€Å"’What’s a paperweight?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢To gauge paper with dumbbell’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Not precisely, it is utilized to burden paper so it won’t disperse and make your work area untidy’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢I don’t even have a desk’† (Bambara 267). This distinction concerning the manner by which various societies exist and experience life in various measurements assists with demonstrating the way that the open door that exists for one given financial class and the chance and reality that exists for another are completely unique. As a methods for additional featuring such a fact, Barbara Ehrenreich’s piece entitled â€Å"Serving in Florida† underscores the financial real factors that exist for those people that have not had the fortune of accepting an advanced education or making a profession in some other manner. Trying to perform research with respect to how people at the base layers of the financial chain try to clear a path for themselves, Ehrenreich decides to participate in two the lowest pay permitted by law employments at 60 + hours seven days similarly as a way to accommodate herself. The

Asthma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asthma - Research Paper Example An individual discovers it very demanding to remove air in and from the lungs during an asthma assault. This is on the grounds that the inward layer of the cylinders passing on air between the throat and lungs become swollen somewhat shutting the aviation route (5). There is likewise expanded discharge of bodily fluid, which further serves to limit the aviation route. The aroused aviation route is delicate to various substances, which makes asthmatic patients be incredibly susceptible to different substances. The exact reason for asthma is obscure; be that as it may, analysts accept that there is a connection of some hereditary and natural elements, which achieve asthma. This typically occurs during the beginning periods of advancement. Insights show that around 23 million Americans have asthma, 7 million of them being younger than eighteen years (Murphy 7). The hereditary and ecological variables that cause asthma incorporate atopy, youth respiratory diseases, contact with airborne allergens, having asthmatic guardians, and contact with some popular ailments during earliest stages or youth as the insusceptible framework is creating (What Is Asthma? - NHLBI, NIH). Atopy is the innate affinity of creating asthma. The Hygiene Hypothesis attempts to clarify the reasons for asthma by proposing that decreased introduction to different youth afflictions because of the profoundly sterile Western way of life influences children’s invulnerable frameworks, making them progressively inclined to atopy and asthma. There is no known solution for asthma and the affliction can eject whenever regardless of the patient inclination fine. It is, in this way, basic to regard side effects when one notification them to forestall the movement of a gentle assault into a solid assault. Subsequently, one has to know asthma side effects to remember them. The most widely recognized indications of asthma are wheezing, hacking, brevity of breath, and chest snugness (What Is Asthma? - NHLBI, NIH). Notwithstanding, having these signs doesn't generally imply that an individual has asthma. Subsequently, an individual showing these manifestations needs to see a specialist for legitimate conclusion utilizing the lung work test and a physical assessment. Numerous things set off or bother asthma conditions including allergens got from dust, form, dust, creature hide, and cockroaches. Tobacco smoke, residue, and showers likewise contain aggravations that can start asthma assaults. Viral diseases of the upper respiratory tract, for instance, colds, a few prescriptions (nonsteroidal calming drugs and nonselective beta-blockers), and sulfites present in groceries and refreshments likewise trigger asthma assaults (What Is Asthma? - NHLBI, NIH). Incredible physical movement, for example, activities may likewise exacerbate the side effects of asthma. Other wellbeing conditions for example â€Å"a runny nose, sinus contaminations, reflux malady, mental pressure, and rest apnea † make the administration of asthma all the more testing and should be dealt with, also (What Is Asthma? - NHLBI, NIH). The distinguishing proof of asthma depends on clinical and family ancestries, test results, and a physical assessment. The foundation of clinical and family ancestries includes deciding the recurrence and seriousness of asthma manifestations. It is likewise basic to decide the specific times of the assaults, for instance, certain times or periods of the year. Physical assessment includes the specialist paying special mind to asthma signs, for example, â€Å"wheezing, a runny nose, swollen nasal entries and unfavorably susceptible skin conditions, for example, eczema†

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I thought I might flavor the blog over the next few weeks with a few entries based on facts about our applicant pool for fall 2010.     It is hard to find a university with more international students than Columbia, and a graduate school more international than SIPA.   Columbia University ranks third in the United States in terms of international enrollment and SIPA commonly enrolls students from more than 100 countries per year. This year applicants hail from 99 different countries.   Also not separated out are Permanent Residents.   Many Permanent Residents represent countries not counted in the 99 you see reflected below.   The only reason the U.S. is blue is because the program I used categorized it as my home country no political undertones are implied =)

Reading Comprehension and Response to Literature Questions

Reading Comprehension and Response to Literature Questions Chapters 1-2 Directions Answer all the questions below. Dont forget to answer all of the parts of each question too. Restate the question in your answer. Dont forget to cite evidence from the novel to support your answer. Anthropomorphism characterization What human characteristics (other than the ability to speak English) does Orwell give to each of the following characters CharacterHuman Characteristics and Personality TraitsOld Major Boxer Mollie Benjamin Snowball Napoleon Exposition setting up what the characters want (characters motives) and the potential conflict-- Old Major and his dream a. Why is Old Major so respected What is Old Majors vision for the†¦show more content†¦Reading Comprehension and Response to Literature Questions Chapter 6 Directions Choose three questions to answer from the list below. Answer all of those three questions parts. Restate the question in your answer. You may answer the questions using bulleted answers. Dont forget to cite evidence from the novel to support your answer. Topics Themes Manipulating Language. In August, Napoleon announced that animals could work on Sundays, but that this work is strictly voluntary. What happens if the animals dont volunteer to work on Sundays Is this really voluntary work Rising Action the windmill Why are the animals happy working like slaves over the windmill What is the main problem with building the windmill and how do they solve it How does Boxer provide extra help Rising Action shortages a new plan Shortages of what cause a big problem Explain Napoleons new policy for getting items the farm needs Does this make sense What is a broker Who sets the record straight that the animals have never passed a rule forbidding them to deal with humans Characterization Mr. Whymper Describe Mr. Whymper What word does his name sound like Why would Orwell give Mr. Whymper a name like that How does Orwell shape how the reader feels about Mr. Whymper Who might Mr. Whymper represent in the allegory Rising Action The Pigs Where do the pigs move and why Why does this matter Why do pigs get up anShow MoreRelatedThe Second Grade Ddm Data1429 Words   |  6 Pagesour students struggle with close reading and comprehending texts on a deeper level. They were able to answer a majority of comprehension questions that were stated in the text, however, 89% of students scored 60% or below on inferential and higher order thinking questions. It is because of this data that I propose we implement literature circles into our reading routine. In literature circles, small groups of students gather together to discuss a piece of literature in depth. The discussion is guidedRead MoreComprehension And Responding For Literature1734 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Comprehension and responding to literature are used to help learners grasp the concept of the information or text to make meaning. Allowing them to draw from their prior knowledge eventually building on what they already know. As learners read they should make meaning of the text, while the teachers encourage learners to use various strategies along the way. â€Å" With the educator observing and noting how the learner is processing text, occasionally providing guidance in use of reading strategiesRead MoreReading Fluency and Its Effect on Reading Comprehension1295 Words   |  6 PagesReading Fluency and its Effect on Reading Comprehension Topic Selection As an elementary teacher, I have often thought reading fluency plays a large role in a child’s reading development. Few reading programs give fluency the recognition it deserves. Reading fluency has been a prominent and reliable benchmark for me, even when students have comprehension difficulties. Once fluency is assessed, the results were used to place students in their reading ability group. Often times,Read MoreWhat Is Abradaba Increase Reading Accuracy For Students With Autism?750 Words   |  3 PagesBenjamin et al. (2017) found that consistent with their hypothesis ABRACADABRA did increase reading accuracy for students with autism. The researchers believe that programs like ABRA may enhance the willingness of children with autism to engage in instructional content (Benjamin et al., 2017). Children with autism often prefer repetition and predictability, which is heavily used in the ABRA program structure. In addition, Benjamin et al. (2017) found that becaus e pre and posttest were generatedRead More1. What Is The Impact Of Vocabulary Knowledge On Comprehension?.823 Words   |  4 Pages1. What is the impact of vocabulary knowledge on comprehension? If students are focusing all of their time on trying to determine the meaning of a single word then they are not able to keep their attention on comprehending the text in its entirety. Teachers support students’ comprehension by teaching vocabulary that is integral giving meaning to the text. Students need multiple interactions with seeing and using the words. The best way to build this vocabulary is by relating the new words toRead MoreLearning Reading At The Middle School Level881 Words   |  4 Pagestheme topic for reading at the middle school level. The students are in grades 6-7-8.The students will read a novel about The Seven Sticks by author Albert Payson Terhune and identify the narrative for the story. The students will demonstrate which narrative the story is written in for the story, such as first or third. The students are enrolled in physical classroom learning. Many of the students are struggling readers so they need more reading practice. The students will share reading by using peerRead MoreMy Identification Of Instructional Strategies1643 Words   |  7 PagesEven as a future teacher with limited experience teaching in a self-contained classroom, I have notions of what a positive and engaging classroom environment feels like, both from a student and an adult perspective. Sadly, reading through the vignette of Ms. T’s classroom, I did not perceive any semblance of that feeling. In fact, the classroom scenario related closely to some of the ineffective practices outlined in the works of Allington (1983), Smith (2012), Rosenblatt (1982). As well LaminackRead MoreEssay about Learning Strategies1390 Words   |  6 Pageslevels, and range of literature read. E, a 9 year old fourth grader, attends her local elementary at St. Andrew School in Drexel Hill. The evaluation occurred through one-on-one instruction on a variety of dates. She is a cooperative student, but not a risk taker. She hesitates when she has to respond because it seems as if she perceives that the answer she is giving is wrong, or she seems to be intimidated when asked questions directly. She does remain focused when reading and puts energy intoRead MoreEvaluation Of A Social Studies Classroom1615 Words   |  7 PagesComparisons to Other Research As previously stated, there has not been a large amount of study conducted in regards to reading comprehension in a social studies classroom. The lack of research into this area could, in-part, be blamed on the assumptions of secondary teachers believing that elementary teachers have provided the proper reading instruction that would prepare their students to be adept and strategic readers (Bintz, 1997). Assumptions are easy to make, and, it humbles me to say, that thisRead MoreReading Comprehension Of English Language Learners At Harlem Success Academy1292 Words   |  6 PagesAre graphic organizers effective on the reading comprehension of English language learners at Harlem Success Academy? As a classroom teacher, I always felt challenged to meet my students needs and still meet the standards by a deadline. With many different learners, and student levels, I find challenging meeting they’re needs without failing to meet the needs of others. Specifically in reading which so many students differ in levels based on comprehension. We will emphasize the importance of differentiated

Business Management The Key Parts For A Business

Business management is one of the key parts for a business/company to succeed with excellence and is considered one of the most important aspects. â€Å"Business management can range from supervising employees to extracting trends from data and developing the most efficient plans for business operations† (University Alliance). Business managers are also known as â€Å"general or operations managers and can also be in charge or hiring employees and negotiating contracts† (University Alliance). There are many different fields or concentrations of business management that may seem similar in some senses but there are eight specific branches of the career as a whole. These eight branches of business management itself include â€Å"financial management,†¦show more content†¦Because of this, it gives both the students and employers the advantage when it comes to selecting the best fit for the job. As said on Bentley University’s site, â€Å"In return, employ ers gain the services of motivated and enthusiastic temporary employees who are committed to helping meet short-term goals† (Bentley University). These short terms goals that are being met because of the internship program will help beyond the graduate degree and will help when it comes to the commitment of helping meet long-term goals. Furthermore, there are many different career opportunities following graduation from Bentley University. When having a management major, there are many professions that need the skills that students develop from this study. Management graduates from Bentley University â€Å"have pursued careers in a wide range of positions in very different types and sizes of organizations† (Bentley University). Some of the organizations that graduates have pursued careers in include: â€Å"Biogen Idec, Boston Children’s Hospital, Newburyport Bank, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, etc.† (Bentley University). CUNY Bernard M Baruch College in New York, NY is another top school for the field of business management. Requirements for this specific college require students to take 21 credits of required courses for

The Others-Movie Review Free Essays

Nurul Hazwani Bt Hatta M12L THE OTHERS Movie Review The Others is one of the psychological horror movies that impress me with its good story plot and suspense elements. It was written, directed and scored by Spanish director Alejandro Amenabar, starring Nicole Kidman and Christopher Eccleston. It is inspired partly by the 1898 novella The Turn of the Screw. We will write a custom essay sample on The Others-Movie Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Grace Stewart (Nicole Kidman) is a Catholic mother who lives with her two small children in a remote country house in the British Crown Dependency of Jersey, in the immediate aftermath of World War II. The war was playing vital role in being contributing factor that cause depression in Grace. The stress is the triggering element that cause phychology disorder in her. The children, Anne and Nicholas have an uncommon disease, xeroderma pigmentosa, characterized by photosensitivity, so their lives are structured around a series of complex rules designed to protect them from inadvertent exposure to sunlight. The new arrival of three servants at the house — an aging nanny and servant named Mrs. Bertha Mills ,an elderly gardener named Mr. Edmund Tuttle, and a young mute girl named Lydia — coincides with a number of odd events, and Grace begins to fear that they are not alone. Anne draws pictures of four people: a man, a woman, a boy called Victor, and an old woman, all of whom she says she has seen in the house. A piano is heard from inside a locked room when no one is inside. Grace finds and examines a â€Å"book of the dead,† which shows mourning portraits taken in the 19th century of recently deceased corpses. I was so shocked when the doors which Grace believes to have been closed are found mysteriously ajar. Grace tries hunting down the â€Å"intruders† with a shotgun but cannot find them. She scolds her daughter for believing in ghosts — until she hears them herself. Eventually, convincing herself that something unholy is in the house, she runs out in the fog to get the local priest to bless the house. Meanwhile, the servants, led by Mrs. Mills, are clearly up to something of their own. The gardener buries a headstone under autumn leaves, and Mrs. Mills listens faithfully to Anne’s allegations against her mother. Outside, Grace loses herself in the heavy fog, but she miraculously discovers her husband Charles who she thought had been killed in the war, and brings him back to the house. Charles is distant during the one day he spends in the house, and Mrs. Mills is heard telling Mr. Tuttle, â€Å"I do not think he knows where he is. † Grace later sees an old woman dressed up like her daughter. Grace says, â€Å"You are not my daughter! † and attacks her. However, she finds that she has actually attacked her daughter instead. Anne refuses to be near her mother afterward, while Grace swears she saw the old woman. Mrs. Mills tells Anne that she too has seen the people, but they cannot yet tell the mother because Grace will not accept what she is not ready for. Charles is stunned when Anne tells him the things her mother did to her. He says he must leave for the front and disappears again. After Charles leaves, Anne continues to see things, including Victor’s whole family and the old woman. Grace breaks down to Mrs. Mills, who claims that â€Å"sometimes the world of the dead gets mixed up with the world of the living. † At last, I know that actually, it is Grace’s family who is dead, not the intruders. The intruders are the living people who bought the house after the death of Grace’s family. Grace and her children cannot accept the fact that they are dead. Grace may have some mental illness when she killed her children with pillow and then kill herself with a rifle. She was suffering from stress as she was feeling isolated and lonely as her husband didn’t come back from war. I love the suspense element and the twisting plot story. At first, I thought that the intruders are the bad guy, but actually Grace’s family is the one that possess the house and reluctant to leave their mansion even when they are dead. From this story,I learn that it is important to control our emotion and be patient in facing any difficulties in our life to lead a healthy and happy life. How to cite The Others-Movie Review, Essay examples

The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey Example For Students

The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey Biography The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey. It wasnt until the nineteenth century that the workings of a recognized education for these women finally appeared. Two of the most famous and elite schools of art that accepted, and still accept, women pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts the PAFA. Up until the early nineteenth century, women were mostly taught what is now called a fashionable education Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5. Their mothers raised them to be proper, young ladies and expert housekeepers in expectation of marriage. If these women were fortunate enough to receive some kind of formalized schooling, they were to study penmanship, limited aspects of their mother language, and very little arithmetic Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5. Unfortunately, this small degree of education was extremely constrictive to women. If they never married or were widowed at a young age, they really had no place to go. This form of womens education created generations of women that were almost entirely dependent on their husbands and male relatives. During the nineteenth century, when the feminist movement was beginning, many schools were established specifically for the education of women, such as the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, and also for the education of both. In the beginning, womens art schools mostly taught pupils practical applications of art. For example, female art students often studied drawing and lithographing, in hopes that they would be hired by industrial companies as designers. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women was one of the first all womens art schools to establish this form of education. Founded in 1844 by a woman named Sarah Peter, the Philadelphia School of Design for Women was a school like none that had come before it. Peter was a wealthy woman of stature and decided to start this school in one of the rooms of her mansion and to hire a teacher to hold regular classes for women in art and design. As a wonderful incentive for all women, tuition was free for the poor and the wealthy paid a very small sum. Sarah Peter saw how truly poor the traditional education for women was and she strongly believed that every woman should stand by her sex, thus her reasoning for establishing this soon to become famous art school. As Peter saw it, she wished to give young women some practical training,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦should so desire or the necessity arise, for well paying self support, qtd. in Philadelphia School of Design for Women 6. In addition to her personal feelings, she had a very specific reason for starting the Philadelphia schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ train women to create designs for the citys industrial lines, such as textiles, lithographing, wood engraving, floor coverings, and furniture. From this point on, Peter devoted the rest of her life to overseeing the School and also traveled around the U. S. o establish art schools, like the Philadelphia, in other cities Philadelphia School of Design for Women 6-11. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women originally had three departments from which young women could take classes: drawing, industrial, and wood engravings/lithography. The majority of the women were instructed within the drawing department, in which pupils made copies of original compositions and applied coloring and shading. From here on, depending on the instructor, they would progress toward drawings from casts and life Philadelphia School of Design for Women 23-24. The industrial department showed the women applications of drawing, shading, and coloring to the art of design. Surprisingly, these designs and patterns created by the women of the Philadelphia School were secured under copyright law for some time Philadelphia School of Design for Women 24. In the third department, lithography/wood engraving, women were taught drawing on stone and carving in wood. During the first years of the school, the actual printing was done on school grounds. However, in later years, most printing was done outside the school by contract. An Education In Liberal Arts EssayThe Academys primary instruction when it was first incorporated was the study of casts of classical statues in the Louvre Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. It continued educating its students in a classical manner and drawing from the live nude model was introduced around 1812, followed in succeeding decades by figure modeling and portrait classes. One of the most famous aspects of the Academys drawing and sculpture program began in the 1880s, by the hands of a man named Thomas Eakins McKinney 16. A new kind of study was introduced to help the pupils with their instructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ anatomy. The Academy was very well known for is anatomy program, which had pupils dissecting cadavers and animals in order to gain a truly comprehensive knowledge of life from which to draw and sculpt from McKinney 16. A most interesting fact surrounding the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts concerns the start of drawing from life, from the nude. During its beginnings, there was significant controversy surrounding the allowance of nudes for life drawing at the Academy, especially for women. Male models were allowed to pose completely nude for mens drawing classes but had to wear a loincloth when posing for womens classes. And the women who stood for life drawing classes were always made to wear a mask over their faces, so as to sustain morality. Thomas Eakins, who was a student at the Academy and later a teacher and director completely ignored this fact. A Philadelphia newspaper from 1886 once said that, Mr. Eakins has for a long time entertained and strongly inculcated the most advanced viewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦teaching large classes of women as well as men, he holds that, both as to the living model in the drawing room and the dead subject in the anatomical lecture and dissecting room, Art knows no sex, Porter 23. Eakins taught many life drawing classes for both women and men, often receiving much criticism from the public. He wanted to give his students as much knowledge of the human body and anatomy as possible McKinney 16. Around 1886, Eakins was teaching a womens life drawing class and wished to show them the origin of a certain muscle in the male bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ thus, he removed the loincloth from the posing male model. Afterwards, Eakins was confronted by the other directors of the Academy, due to their belief that exposing the female students to such immortality devastated their femininity, and asked to justify and apologize for his behavior. He refused to and was thus forced to resign from the Academy Porter 22-23. However, after his resignation, many of Eakins pupils followed him including women to be instructed solely by him. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, although not as customized for women as the Philadelphia School, had much influence over the formal education of women artists, especially in the area of life drawing. There are many famous women artists who were taught at and inspired by the Academy during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as Mary Cassatt and Cecilia Beaux Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The nineteenth century brought many changes to the world of art for women. A formal education for future women artists finally became available, and many new opportunities for careers in art were unleashed. Two of the most prominent art schools that catered to female pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, which both still exist today. These two schools introduced women artists to drawing, sculpture, lithography, life drawing, and even anatomy. The mark that these two fine schools made on the womens world of art will never be forgotten.

Brutus the honorable man Essay Example

Brutus the honorable man Paper There are many people who, for the sake of their country, would betray a friend. This makes Brutus honorable to his country but not to his friend. Depending on what he thought was for the greater good, Caesar becoming the sole leader, or the devotion that he has for his country; he honored what he thought was best for Rome. Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more (3. 2. 23-24). Brutus had honored Caesar but Brutus felt that Caesar was too ambitious. Brutus also felt that Caesar made the romans as slaves, and feared for the Republic. Therefore, Brutus oins the conspiracy because he had the desire to help the plebeians. Through Cassius various endeavors to get Brutus to become one of the conspirators, and the influence of others, Brutus ended up sacrificing a friend for the greater good of Rome. Believe me for mine honor, and have respect to mine honor that you may believe (3. 2. 14-15). What Brutus is saying at this point in time is that the public crowd should listen to him because he is an honorable and trustworthy person. This goes along with what is known about Brutus because he is the type of person who elieves strongly in honor, morals, and being true to Rome since he is, after all, a Roman. We will write a custom essay sample on Brutus the honorable man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Brutus the honorable man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Brutus the honorable man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Brutus shows true honor and love for the people of Rome. Am I entreated to Speak and Strike? Of Rome I make thee promise, if the redress will follow, then receivest thy full petition at the hand of Brutus (2. 1. 59-61). Even though it may have seemed a bit unclear, as Brutus stabbed Caesar, he had a lot of compassion for him. He didnt make a mess of the body, and he as well as the other conspirators helped to clean up his body and around him to make sure that there was no mess made to espect Julius Caesar. Brutus selflessness made him the leader Rome needed. A man who does everything for the wellbeing of the Roman citizens. No, not an oath. If not the face of men, the sufferance of our souls, the times abuse if these be motives weak, break off betimes, and every man hence to his idle bed. So let high- sighted tyranny range on till each man drop by lottery. (2. 1. 119-124) Brutus tells the conspirators that there is no need for an oath because they Join for the same and common cause , and thats why they do not need the oath. He believes so intensely in what he desires to accomplish that he does not fear for oath breakers; that is if they all serve the Roman people and are being smug in their act. What Brutus considers smug he also considers honorable, even if it means betraying a friend for the better of a country. This is why Brutus considered his act of disloyalty honorable. Brutus intentions were very clear; he loved Rome and its people Just as much as he loved Caesar. Brutus wonders how the best power of Rome can be accomplished, and esorts to assassination since it is the only method of removing Caesar, who will not be moved from his oppressive and fake government. One of the reasons that Brutus is a tragic hero is that he is very hesitant about killing Caesar. He has to think hard about what will be the best for Rome. He is the only conspirator who actually kills Caesar because he thinks it will help Roman citizens, not because he is envious of Caesar. For example in Scene 2 Act 1 Brutus tells Lucius, Between the acting of a dreadful thing and the first motion, all the interim is like a phantasma or a hideous ream He is saying that talking about doing such a dreadful thing is like some horrible dream that seems almost unreal. Brutus is the only conspirator who honestly wants whats good for Rome. Another reason that Brutus is the tragic hero is because he never deceives anyone throughout the whole play. When Brutus tells the conspirators, Fly not; stand stiff: ambitions debt is paid, it really shows how he felt he knew that Caesar had to die to help Rome and the senators shouldnt be worried because they did the right thing. He didnt Just kill him because he was Jealous like many of the other senators. Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In Roman times, the only way for someone to get close to a person of high rank is if they are close to them. In many points of the play, Brutus was talking with Caesar and he seemed to always be next to Caesar. Brutus loves Caesar, but would not allow him to climber- upward He then unto the ladder turns his back (2. . 24-26). Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome. Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was pretty much the back-bone of the whole plan. According to Cassius, Brutus main purpose in the conspiracy is for an insurance policy. The people will think, since Brutus was very noble to Caesar, that there must be a good reason for Caesars assassination. Cassius is the one who declares this, Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of

A day in the life of a nurse

A day in the life of a nurse If you ask your favorite nurse what a typical workday is like, you might get a laugh. No day is â€Å"typical† in the healthcare world, with all the different kinds of situations (both emergency and not) that you may be facing on any given shift. But if you’re thinking about becoming a nurse, it’s important to think about what to expect on the job. So based on stories of real-life nurses, here’s what you might expect to see and do on a typical shift. Nurses can work any time of day, but let’s look at a day shift’s responsibilities and tasks for a hospital nurse. The early wake-upMany daytime nursing shifts start early (often by 7 a.m.), so that means the snooze button is not your friend. Exercise, breakfast, coffee, shower- whatever the morning routine is, it may be happening well before the rest of the world is ready to motivate for the day. If you’re more of a â€Å"saunter in ten minutes late, check your email† kind of person , then nursing might not be the ideal career choice.Checking inA hospital isn’t like a factory, where one shift ends before another starts and no communication needs to happen. The night nurses and the day nurses are a team, and making sure that patients get seamless care means that there’s a daily handoff of information at the start of every shift. The day nurse gets intel on what happened overnight, if patients have specific needs, or if there’s anything important that the nurse needs to know for his or her shift. This is also a chance for the nurse to read up on any physician notes, examine patient charts, prepare for their roster of patients, and review assignments and instructions. This may include checking email, coordinating schedules for the day with doctors, arranging for particular tests, or setting up equipment. Basically, everything that will keep the shift better organized happens up front.This is also a chance for the nurse to check supplies and in ventory too, to make sure they have enough for a shift. This is especially crucial in the emergency room or intensive care wards, where a high-stress situation could arise at any time and when you least want to run low on basic supplies. Everything the nurse does for a patient is usually noted, updated, and charted right away- you don’t want to risk not making an important note on a patient, then getting sidetracked by something else.Morning roundsA lot can happen between shifts, so much of the morning is spent checking in with each patient (new or existing) and tracking their status. It’s common to do bloodwork in the morning, do glucose tests for diabetic patients, take vital signs, etc. Nurses also administer any scheduled medications for their patients during this time. If patients need to be prepped for procedures, it’ll often happen in the morning.Patients that are ready to be discharged from the hospital are ready for their exit procedures, like getting d octor sign-off, removing IVs or other equipment, processing any last tests (like vital signs or bloodwork to confirm that they can safely be discharged), and educating patients (or their family members) on any follow-up care needs.On these morning rounds, nurses also typically help their patients with daily living tasks, like eating breakfast (for patients who can’t do it themselves), bathing, going to the bathroom, getting dressed, or walking around.Mid-day/lunchLunchtime for nurses is rarely a set time period. Obviously eating lunch is necessary if you want to keep up your energy, but having the time to do it can be a luxury when you’re dealing with an endless list of patients who have immediate needs all day. Many nurses grab a quick bite somewhere nearby (either in the hospital or close by) when they can. Lunchtime could be cut short by an emergency or just a bustling schedule. Meal times and personal time during the day are definitely at a premium for nurses, depe nding on the workload and the type of facility where you work. A clinic with set appointments is likely very different from a hospital or urgent care situation, when you could be needed at any time. Strategic food (like something you bring from home and can eat fast if necessary, or food you can grab from the cafeteria) is key.Afternoon roundsMuch like the morning rounds, afternoon rounds are kicked off by a check-in process to see if there are new patients, if patients have been discharged, or if any patent’s status has changed since the morning. Nurses do a new round of checking in with each patient, reviewing their charts for updates, making notes as necessary, and again- keeping close track of everything happening with his or her patients. Afternoon is also time for a new round of meds being distributed to patients, as well as any follow-up tests or previously scheduled procedures. Nurses help prep the patients as needed.The afternoon might also include visiting hours, so nurses are often tasked with updating family members on a patient’s condition, educating them about what the patient’s medical needs will be once he or she leaves, and answering patient questions.For a post-surgical ward, nurses may also start seeing an influx of patients coming out of surgery and recovery. The nurse follows up with surgeons and physicians as necessary, setting up each patient for his or her next tests, procedures, or milestones. The nurse is also likely to help with things like changing bandages or dressing and ensuring that these post-surgical patients are comfortable.And if there’s time in between all of these many tasks, the afternoon may have some chances to catch up on administrative tasks like patient charts, making notes, or email. But like with lunch or personal breaks, there’s never really a guarantee that the nurse will have a full chunk of time to sit down and attend to these things.Checking outJust like at the beginning of t he day, the end of the day sees the shift handover process between day nurses and night nurses. There’s the nurse-to-nurse download of information, either in person or via detailed notes and patient charts. The day isn’t over just yet- the nurse needs to make sure that the transition to the next shift goes just as seamlessly as his or her own shift started in the morning so that patients are getting consistent care. That means checking and double-checking the patient information to make sure everything’s as accurate and clear as it can be.Before leaving, the nurse may also start prepping for the next day’s shift: reviewing appointments, checking email, reviewing assignments. At that point, the nurse gets to leave, only to start the process again in about 12 hours.What a nurse’s day is like can vary in a few different ways. For example, a home nurse will have a different set of tasks than a hospital nurse, who will have a different day than a nurse in a private practice. And no matter what a nurse does and where he or she does it, there’s always the unpredictability of working in the medical world. You always need to be sharp, and ready for emergencies or urgent needs- patients don’t care if you were out late last night or if you really just need a mental break for a few minutes to clear your head. It’s an incredibly demanding field, but can be a highly rewarding one.And if you’re thinking about taking on this daily nursing life, we have the tools to help you get started.How to Become a Labor and Delivery NurseThe Complete Stress Management Guide for Nurses14 Things You Need to Know as a New NurseTop 3 Survival Traits of New NursesJob Spotlight: Clinical NurseCreate a Winning Registered Nurse ResumeHow Long Does It Take to Become a Nurse?What You Need to be a Stellar Nurse

Financial institution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial institution - Essay Example The remaining part represents the ‘risk premium’ where the market return earned in excess of the risk free rate is multiplied with the ‘beta’ of the stock. It is essentially the return for bearing additional risk (Investopedia, 2010). If the expected rate of return on a security is more than the required rate of return then the investment in profitable whereas if the expected return is less than the required rate of return then the investment is not profitable. Unlike Mean Variance Portfolio theory the CAPM model rewards for the excess beta or additional risk borne by the investor. Higher the beta higher is the compensation required by the security. As per this model a higher ‘standard deviation’ does not mean a higher return as ‘beta’ is the measure of risk under CAPM and not ‘standard deviation’. In the CAPM world an investor is rewarded for bearing the risk that cannot be diversified. This is referred as ‘syste matic risk’ captured by the beta of the stock. An investor is not awarded for bearing any nondiversifiable risk i.e. unsystematic risk captured by the standard deviation of the stock. In other words the investors are rewarded for bearing the risk that cannot be diversified away. This is also referred as ‘market risk’ (Sigman, 2005). Assumptions under CAPM- The first assumption under this model is that the transaction costs do not exist. This means that the purchase or sale of an asset does not require any cost. The second assumption is that the CAPM model assumes all assets to be infinitely divisible. This implies that an investor can take a position in the market irrespective of their wealth position. There exists no ‘personal income tax’. This implies that an investor is not influenced by the nature of gain whether it is in the form of capital gain or dividend. There exists perfect competition. This means that a person cannot influence the stock pr ice by going long or short in it. The investors base their investment decisions on the standard deviations of returns and expected value on their investment portfolio. There is no limit on short selling. CAPM also assumes that there is unlimited lending and investing at the risk free rate. CAPM assumes homogeneous market expectations. The last assumption is marketability of all assets (Elton, et al., 2009, p.283). Beta Co-efficient The beta is the sensitivity of stock return to the market return. Higher the beta higher is the risk associated with the stock. Gitman (2006) states that beta is â€Å"a measure of non-diversifiable risk† i.e. it measures the return on asset with reference to the market return. Ideally the beta of a stock should be â€Å"forward-looking† and measured with respect to the whole market, whereas in practice this is based on historical returns and the stock index acts as a proxy for ‘market return’ (Kurschner, 2008, p. 3). Suppose th e beta of Stock A is 2. In the event of a 10% rise or fall in the market the price of Stock A will rise or fall by 20% respectively. Stocks with a beta of more than one are referred as ‘aggressive stock’ and stocks with a beta of less than one are referred as ‘defensive stock’. One can invest in aggressive stocks in times of market upswings and such stocks must be avoided in times of uncertain market conditions. In short the beta co-efficient of a stock measures the volatility in the return of a stock with respect to the market benchmark. Criticism of CAPM The assumptions of CAPM

Does the rise in online shopping mean the end for retail high street Essay

Does the rise in online shopping mean the end for retail high street shops - Essay Example The aims of this study were to identify the phenomenon of online shopping and probe the various factors that either promote it or hinder it. The research also addressed the issue if online shopping would effectively replace street shopping. This was sought to be done through the analysis of existing literature in the area and through primary research involving a sample of online shoppers. The literature review also included analysis of secondary data and presenting of major findings and arguments from such secondary data apart from looking for major theoretical and empirical arguments which may supplant the findings of primary research in this study. Primary research design was phenomenological with focus on studying the phenomenon of online shopping. The research method was triangulation wherein two quantitative surveys were administered to a common sample of respondents to probe online shopping behaviour in general and specifically in reference to online purchase of printers' cartr idges. The findings literature review established that online shopping has been growing by leaps and bounds across the globe. US and UK markets, in particular were examined and both exhibited growing volumes of online business and e-commerce.

Concept Of Facilities Planning And Plant Layout Computer Science Essay

Concept Of Facilities Planning And Plant Layout Computer Science Essay Background of the problem Today s manufacturing industry is facing problems that have been growing in size and complexity over the last several years. As a result, there is an immediate need for procedures or techniques in solving various problems encountered in today s manufacturing arena without extended shutdown s or expensive modifications ( Clark ,1996). Materials handling equipment and the facilities it operates can contribute to as much as 70 percent of the total cost of the manufactured product (Tompkins et al, 1996). Facilities layout design is part of facilities planning (Tompkins et al, 1996). It is the arrangement of work space which, in general terms smoothes the way to access facilities that have strong interactions. The main concern with the plant facility layout planning is to reduce the cost of materials handling as poor materials handling can generate business problems. To stay competitive in todays market a company must reduce costs by planning for the future Material handling cost is a indirect costs and every company wants to reduce this indirect cost and it constitutes a major part of indirect costs in a facility Therefore even small improvements in material handling costs makes a large reduction in total indirect costs. The cost of material flow is a function of the distance the material is moved between divisions called departments in a manufacturing facility. To reduce material handling costs, it is essential to have an optimal arrangement of departments to minimize the total distance traveled Tompkins (1982) estimated that between 20% and 50% of operating expenses in manufacturing can be attributed to facility planning and material handling. Thus any cost saving in this area can contribute to the overall efficiency of the production system. Due to its wide range of applicability, the facility layout problem will continue to be the subject of research for many years to come. Graph theory and computerized software of facility layout is a powerful tool that allows experimentation with various manufacturing techniques and layout without actual implementation. Based on the above facts, it is obvious that layout optimization and improvement are two tasks that are crucial to any facility planning and layout study. 1.2 Statement of problem JPM Automobiles ltd is an automobile component manufacturing company located in Gurgaon Haryana. The problem area in that company is the departments are not located to according to manufacturing process; processes which have high interdependency are not located close to each other. This cause distance travelled by the material is high from one department to another department which result high material handling cost. Which affect the overall efficiency of the company. In response to the above problems, the need for facilities layout optimization is needed. This dissertation proposes to use Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) as to improve the facility layout of the company by graph theory and BLOCKPLAN software to improve the company performance. The company performance improvements are in terms of productivity increase, reduction in travelling cost and reduction in travelling distance. 1.3 Objectives The problem area in that company is of higher material handling, in-process inventory, poor interdependency of department and inflexibility etc. due to its improper layout. Based on the above fact the objectives of the study are: To conduct a detailed literature review of the facility layout problems. To analyze the existing layout of the company and conduct cost analysis of the existing layout. To propose improvements in the existing layout by graph theory and BLOCKPLAN software. To conduct cost analysis of the existing and proposed layouts. Compare cost analysis of the existing and proposed layout by graph theory and BLOCKPLAN software 1.3 Concept of Facilities Planning and Plant Layout A facility planning is a complex and broad subject that covers several disciplines. It involves civil, electrical, industrial and mechanical engineers, as well as architects, consultants, managers and urban planners. Facilities planning can be divided into two components: facilities location and facilities design. Facilities location is about placement of the facility on a specific plot of land with respect to customers, suppliers and other facilities. Facilities design consists of the facility systems design, the layout design and the handling systems design. The facility systems consist of the structural systems, the environmental systems, the lighting/electrical systems and safety systems. The layout consists of all equipment, machinery and furnishings within the building structure. The handling system consists of the mechanisms needed to satisfy the required facility interactions for a manufacturing plant, the facilities layout, also called plant layout, consists of the productio n areas, production related or support areas and personnel areas within the building. Facilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ planning has become a critical component for companies to keep up with the current market trends in the last few years. In the past facilities planning was primarily considered to be a science. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive global marketplace, facilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ planning has become a strategy, (Tompkins et al, 2003). 1.4 Facility Layout In any plant, there are large numbers of finite geometric areas i.e. production, machine foundation area, space for inventory, design, production control and supervision are arranged on the floor space of the building. The problem of arranging these areas in an effective manner is the facility layout problem Francis et al (2006) define, facility layout as a technique of locating machines, processes and plant services within the plant, so as to achieve the right quantity and quality of product at the lowest possible cost of manufacturing. The facility layout problem is concerned with an arrangement of physical facilities, such as departments or machines, in certain areas to reduce a companys indirect costs. It has been estimated (Savsar 1991) that between 20 and 50% of the total operating expenses within manufacturing are attributed to material handling, which is directly related to facility layout. A poorly conceived layout can result in congestion and prohibitive material handling costs; and, on the other hand, an effective layout can provide an environment for efficient production. Since indirect costs are the largest portion of a companys total operating cost, the objective of a facilities layout problem is to minimize both interdepartmental flows and the rearrangement costs of changing layouts between time periods. These costs are a function of the amount of material flow and the distance the material is to be moved. The main objective of the facility layout problem is to minimize overall cost, which is directly related to material flow between departments. Generally material flow is represented by the product of the amount of material and the distance the material is moved. The distance traveled is estimated using rectilinear distance between centroids of the departments .Constraints ensure departments do not overlap and departments are of proper size. Many computer algorithms have been developed for designing layouts, mainly for the layout of departments within factories. Types of facilities layout There are four types of plant layout from the point of view of manufacturing Product layout Product layout is based on the processing sequence of part being produced on the line. Parts follow a fixed path through the production resources. In product layout, materials flow from one workstation to next adjacent workstation directly. This type of plant layout is useful when the production process is organized in a continuous manner. Advantages of product layout Simple, smooth logical flow lines result due to fixes sequence of operation. Small work in process inventories due to work from one process is fed directly into the next. Low cost of material handling, due to straight and short route and absence of backtracking. Total production time per unit is short. Since the machines are located so as to minimize distances between consecutive operations, material handling is reduced. Little skill is usually required by operators at the production line; hence, training is simple, short, and inexpensive. Simple production planning control systems are possible. Less space is occupied by work in transit and for temporary storage Disadvantages of product layout Whenever breakdown of one machine stops the entire line in the presence of enough manpower. Lack of process flexibility, since the layout is determined by the product, a change in product design may require major alternations in the layout. Lack of flexibility in timing, as the product cannot flow through the line faster then the slowest task can be accomplished unless that task is performed at several stations. Supervision is general, rather than specialized. Comparatively high investment is required, as identical machines (a few not fully utilized) are sometimes distributed along the line. Worker fatigue as workers may become bored by the endless repetition of simple tasks. Process layout Process layout is also called job shop layout in which the layout for a process department is obtained by grouping of machines according to function of machine centers. Orders for individual products are routed through the various machine centers to obtain the required processing. This type of plant layout is useful when the production process is organized in batches. Machines are general purpose, within their general function area, so that a wide variety of products can be handled. Advantages of process layout A high degree of flexibility exists relative to equipment or manpower allocation for specific tasks. Smaller investment in equipment as duplication is not necessary unless volume is large. The diversity of tasks offers a more interesting and satisfying occupation for the operator. Supervisors for each department become highly, knowledgeable about their functions. Better utilization of machines can result in fewer machines used Disadvantages of process layout Lack of process efficiency as back tracking and long movements may occur in the handling of materials. Lack of efficiency in timing as workers must wait between tasks. Complications of production planning and control Workers must have broad skills and must be paid higher wages than assembly line workers. Comparatively large amounts of in process inventory as space and capital are tied up by work in process. Lowered productivity as each job requires different setups and operator training. Fixed position layout Fixed position layout is generally associated with large, bulky product such as assembly of ship building, aircraft etc. In Fixed position layout workstation are brought to the material. Fixed position layout is shown in fig.1.3 Advantages of fixed position layout Material movement is reduced, minimizes damage or cost of moving. Promotes job enlargement by allowing individuals or teams to perform the whole job. Continuity of operations and responsibility results from team. This reduces the problems of re-planning and instructing people each time a new type of activity is to begin. Highly flexible; can accommodate changes in product design, product mix, and product volume. Independence of production centers allowing scheduling to achieve minimum total production time. Disadvantages of fixed position layout Increased movement of personnel and equipment may be expensive. The necessary combination of skills may be difficult to find and high pay levels may be necessary. Equipment duplication may occur. Higher skill requirements for personnel as they are involved in more operations. General supervision required. Cumbersome and costly positioning of material and machinery. Low equipment utilization as equipment may be left at a location where it will be needed again in a few days rather than moved to another location where it would be productive. Product family layout / Cellular Layout The layout for a product family is based on the grouping of parts to form product family. Groupings are determined by the operations needed to perform work for a set of similar items or part families that require similar processing. A part family is a set of parts that require similar machinery, tooling, machine operations and jig or fixtures. The parts within the family normally go from raw material to finished parts within a single cell. Advantages of cellular Layout Reduced in process inventory Increase operator expertise Improved human relations, job enlargement tend to occur. Supports the use of general purpose equipment Increased machine utilization. Disadvantages of cellular layout General supervision required. Higher skills level required of employees than for product layout. Reduced shop flexibility Depends on balanced material flow between product layout and process layout, otherwise buffers and work in process storage are required. Lower machine utilization than for process layout 1.5 Layout Design Methods and Computer Packages It is highly desirable that the optimum plant layout be designed. Unfortunately, the magnitude of the problem is so great that true system optimization is beyond current capabilities. The approach normally taken in solving the plant layout problem is to try to find a satisfactory solution. Previously, facilities layout problems were solved primarily by using iconic models. Then analytical approaches were developed. In general, plant layout problems can be solved by any of the following approaches: Exact mathematical procedures. Heuristics. Optimal. Graph theory. A number of different procedures have been developed to aid the facilities planner in designing layouts. These procedures can be classified into two main categories: construction type and improvement type. Construction type layout methods basically involve developing a new layout from scratch. Improvement procedures generate layout alternatives based on an existing layout. Based on the above two procedures, many algorithmic approaches have been developed. Some of them are Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) procedure, graph-based construction method, programming, network, Tabu search, simulated annealing and genetic algorithm. Based on these approaches, many computer-aided layout routines have been developed. Some of them are CRAFT, COFAD, CORELAP, ALDEP, PLANET, MULTIPLE, BLOCPLAN . 1.6 Methodology of dissertation This dissertation is to be completed in 3rd and 4th semesters of my M.Tech duration of four semesters. The methodology for this dissertation is stated in Figure 1.1 Introduction Literature review Systematic layout planning Facility layout a case study Company Profile Analysis Conclusion The dissertation report is divided into seven chapters as shown in figure 1.3. The current chapter gives an introduction of Facilities Planning and Plant Layout, Layout Design Methods and Computer Packages. In this chapter is also introducing Background of the problem, Statement of problem, Objectives of the dissertation Chapter 2 provides detailed literature review which would be done throughout the 3rd semester. This chapter covers the different type of facility layout problems and layout design method and commercial software available for solution of facility layout problems. Chapter 3 introduces the details of Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) for generation of layout alternatives. Chapter 4 covers the company background. It covers the company profile, Organization structure of the company, products, esteemed customer and its manufacturing process and its policies. Chapter 5 presents the case study in which existing layout is analyzed and new layout is proposed by GRAPH theory and BLOCKPLAN software and also provides a detailed cost analysis of existing layout and proposed layout. Chapter 6 contains conclusion and future scope.

The Victorian Villain Goes A Governessing English Literature Essay

‘O scoundrel, scoundrel, smiling, damned scoundrel! ‘ I v 106 crossroads. Iago, Lovelace, Willoughby, Dracula, Lecter, Lestat, Voldemort, the intrigues of these and countless other literary scoundrels are frequently queerly absorbing and tempting. Indeed, throughout literature, the image of the scoundrel frequently proves to be the far more interesting character than the victim of their villainousness or the text ‘s hero. For many, the Victorian scoundrel is synonymous with the propertyless male as epitomised by Dickensian originals, for illustration the beastly Bill Sikes or the corruptor of artlessness, the predatory Fagin in Oliver Twist ( 1838 ) .[ 1 ]However, the coming of the esthesis novel during the 1860s heralded a new coevals of scoundrels, a coevals that sent both shockwaves and bangs through the literary universe and its readership. Initially, in what is considered the kick offing novel of the genre, The Woman in White ( 1860 ) ,[ 2 ]villainousness conti nues to be a masculine state as seen in the plants of Dickens, with the word picture of the puzzling Count Fosco, who with his ‘rod of Fe ‘ and chemical science set is arguably one of the most ill-famed scoundrels of the genre.[ 3 ]However, the esthesis novel apparently equates the scoundrel non with the propertyless male or the Gothic blue blood of old genres but with a new original of villainy – the villainess. This gendering of villainousness has led critics such as Hughes to observe that, ‘In the esthesis novel of the Lady Audley tradition, the heroine ‘s rightful topographic point is usurped wholly by the villainess, the golden-haired imposter who masquerades as a conventional married woman while plotting slaying on the side. ‘[ 4 ]Gone are the eighteenth-century portraitures of the innately virtuous heroine, such as Richardson ‘s Pamela and Clarissa, who emphasise the incorruptibility of the heroine as she battles to protect her repute and female pureness, or the early nineteenth-century ‘s word pictures of the reformed flirt who finally conforms as epitomised by Austen ‘s Emma Woodhouse.[ 5 ]In their topographic point stood the extramarital, bigamous, frequently homicidal, angel of the fireplace turned devil in the pretense of the respectable married woman, female parent or governess. This new strain of anti-heroines As Showalter argues, ‘ [ esthesis fiction ] conveys the menace of new phantasies, new outlooks, and even female rebellion ‘[ 6 ], This challenge to the conventional function of adult females ‘silly novels by lady novelists ‘ angel turned demon Mary Elizabeth Braddon ‘s Lady Audley ‘s Secret ( 1862 )[ 7 ] the incorruptibility of the heroine, the angel of the fireplace, is replaced The transmutation of the angel of the fireplace into the scheming devil The outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a adult female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon ‘s L ady Audley ( Lady Audley ‘s Secret ) and Collins ‘ Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were ‘debasing to everyone concerned ‘ ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992: 48 ) and a ‘morbid phenomenon of literature – indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which Married Woman ‘s Property Act divorce 1857 Victorian heroine conjures up images of Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities which label her an aberrance to her sex. Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character – the villainess. The low-class male of old literary genres The esthesis novelists offered readers a new sort of scoundrel – the villainess. Aberrant muliebrity. the map of a heroine to function as an object of designation Adeline Sergeant suggests another ground for the popularity of such characters – a rebellion against the ‘inane and impossible goodness ‘ of old literary heroines ( Sergeant, in Mitchell, 1981: 74 ) . There can be no possible uncertainty that the evil of adult male is less catastrophic, less black to the universe in general, than the evil of adult female. That is the flood tide of all bad lucks of the race. Whughes 135 Margaret oliphant Outraged Victorian esthesias Mary Elizabeth Braddon synonymous with the creative activity of a new type of female supporter the angel turned devil. Patrilineal heritage offspring Gaskell Ruth Richardson ‘s Clarissa Wollstonecraft Maria The governess liminal figure equivocal place tabula rasa Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities. Inversion of the melodramatic stereotype of heroine Showalter puerperal passion 71malady The outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a adult female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon ‘s L ady Audley ( Lady Audley ‘s Secret ) and Collins ‘ Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were ‘debasing to everyone concerned ‘ ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992: 48 ) and a ‘morbid phenomenon of literature – indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which they are in portion both the consequence and the cause ‘ ( Mansel, 1863, in Pykett, 1992: 51 ) . ‘the adventuress marries without love and hence submits to arouse without love. Even though the entry takes topographic point within matrimony, the adventuress is frequently shown to be evil because of her sexual willingness. ‘ ( Mitchell, 1981: 76 ) . Sabotaging traditional household values La extreme of female rebellion The villainess makes the out tangible Hughes remarks on the outgrowth of this new literary phenomenon by stating that, The supporter ‘no longer runs off from the manque bigamist ; she is more likely to dabble in a small bigamy of her ain. ‘ ( Hughes, 1980: 9 ) . The madwoman in the Attic had been transformed, from ‘a discolouredaˆÂ ¦ . barbarian face [ with ] aˆÂ ¦.red eyes and the fearful blackened rising prices of the qualities. ‘ ( Bronte, C. , 1847: 317 ) into a demure and attractive Siren, whose ‘fair face shone like a sunray. ‘ ( LAS, 7 ) and who was, by all outward visual aspects, the perfect married woman. Titillation of female villainousness Outside bounds of society villainess made by society In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. Voice and ordain our deepest desires, feelings, ideas. Villain can resemble the hero Lady Audley reveals the paradox that it is the female ‘s aberrant behavior that renders her other, but one time she is ‘othered ‘ her behavior becomes more utmost. Use governess ambivalent place used to analyze adult female ‘s place Disreputable yesteryear Wealth position and repute of course follows barchester histories mr moffatt Encapsulates everything that work forces are most afraid of female gender Morality narrative Unacknowledged desires Lydia female volatility lady Audley female surveillance sensing Victorian readers least resemble scoundrels non like us but surprisingly they teach us about ourselves. As Pam Morris argues, ‘women map as the other which allows work forces to build a positive self-identity as masculine. ‘[ 8 ] Ultimate misdemeanor Schemer with ability to pull strings her victims Does n't repent actions but non crave for an unchecked immorality Lydia ‘s aspiration gathers momentum at that place becomes a unsighted urgency to accomplish her desire to go Mrs Allan Armadale Villain becomes an improbable figure one that ab initio looks and acts like the archetypical angel. This is non to state that esthesis novelists are undertaking evil forces on the page Witness the growing of immorality in one of patriarchate ‘s most powerful images of pureness womankind perverting influence on kids. Not descent into lawlessness or debasement Recognizable new degree of complexness Governess the Respectable face of villainy the governess Disturbing is the Ordinariness of these adult females ‘s state of affairss makes their actions flooring to Victorian reader. A recognizable individual one that they may use in their places. Relative employed as governess. She ‘s non different to us non recognizable as scoundrel. Close propinquity of villainousness. Disparity in their lucks ‘it ‘s a deal. '11 Abandoned kid but principled she works so marries to supply for him.see gilbertdiseasedesire104 Governess ‘s place site of struggle ‘It is non until her individuality hat she becomes a true scoundrel. ‘ Deseasedesire102 Miss Morley ‘pale governess ‘ features that are identifiable as those of 100s of governesses and females. Fifteen old ages of ‘a governess of five-and-thirty old ages of age traveling place to get married a adult male to whom she had been engaged 15 old ages ‘ p.13 ‘a monster nugget turned up under my spade, and I came upon a gilded sedimentation of some magnitude. A fortnight afterwards I was the richest adult male in all the small settlement about me. I travelled post-haste to Sydney, realised my gold findings which were deserving upwards of ?20,000'p.22 What turns Lucy from the ‘doll like ‘ married woman into the villainess is a turn of fate return of hubby Robert ‘s grim chase for George ‘s whereabouts quest to detect her true individuality. Latent lunacy inherited from female parent. Doubly abject female parent Lydia predatory looking for chances to progress her societal position. Power enviousness treachery fright choler desire Femme fatale Life has pushed Lydia Lucy to villainy Writers such as set their narrations in foreign climates or in a landscape of phantasy and fable the scoundrel ‘s actions can non impact civilized society no menace but the power of the esthesis set their narrations in recognizable topographic points and state of affairss. Reader recoils from Lydia but what ‘s she traveling to make next. Lydia ‘s self-destruction the dramatic release from her societal place she has craved. Detailed psychological make-up Fictional scoundrel normally gets his deserts or meets a bloody terminal Jean societal ‘misfit ‘ but we can understand her predicament. Isabel sympathise with her actions apprehensible. The power of Lydia ‘s character is to propose that adult females are ambidextrous, untrusty. Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character profligate Robert Lovelace CLarissa Samuel Richardson, Fagin non lovable knave corrupted the artlessness of kids condemnable marauder. Fosco cosmopolite appeal, unusual powers, out believing outsmart investigators, sophisticated, relishes his power, Marian worthy advisory, possibility he will be master, new sort scoundrel reflects scientific thought of clip, unbelieving godless creates his ain moral model, wiw twelvemonth after beginning species, tickle pinking yet terrorizing character. Trained chemist sinister sense events narcotics Imbues work forces with great passion Juggling No redeeming characteristics Without self-doubt, self-questioning, self-despair believes their societal place offers some signifier of exoneration for their actions. Catalyst to events ‘ I do non state that Robert Audley was a coward, but I will acknowledge that a tremble of horror, something kindred to fear, chilled him to the bosom, as he remembered the atrocious things that have been done by adult females, since that twenty-four hours upon which Eve was created to be Adam ‘s comrade and help-meet in the garden of Eden. What if this adult female ‘s beastly power of deception should be stronger than the truth, and oppress him? She had non spared George Talboys when he had stood in her manner, and menaced her with a certain hazard ; would she save him who threatened her with a far greater danger? Are adult females merciful, or loving, or sort in proportion to their beauty and their grace? 273-4 La ‘the female wrongdoer is the venue of horror, the site where the incomprehensible panics of domesticity can be explained and surmounted. '36 Hart Lady Audley putting to deaths premeditated in order to prolong her socially and financially unafraid function of married woman place she has attained via misrepresentation. Gilbert ‘Lady Audley ‘s narrative shows that adult females are most evil when they conform to societal outlooks. ‘ Disease desire 96 sarcasm society labels adult females as adventuress, vill adult females who attract the male regard ‘I did retrieve this ; and it was, possibly, this that made me selfish and heartless ; for I suppose I am heartless. As I grew older I was told that I was reasonably — beautiful — lovely-bewitching. I heard all these things at first indifferently ; but by-and-by I listened to them avariciously, and began to believe that in malice of the secret of my life I might be more successful in the universe ‘s great lottery than my comrades. I had learnt that which in some indefinite mode or other every schoolgirl learns sooner or subsequently — I learned that my ultimate destiny in life depended upon my matrimony, and I concluded that if I was so prettier than my schoolmates, I ought to get married better than any of them. ‘350 Braddon suggests that adult females ‘s future individuality founded on the necessity to procure a good matrimony. Marriage based on the demand for societal and economic security, adult females ‘s fright of poorness, non on love. Phoebe marries out of fright afraid Luke will be ‘violent and vindictive ‘ ( p.107 ) if she is non submissive and compliant to his demands. Female individuality fluid Robert self-fulfillment romantic hero sub-plot masculinastion Faulkes – Writer ‘s confederate thrusts narrative, readers see events unfold, gives us familiarity with scoundrel, sometimes hard non to take his side Dynamic qualities make them appealing. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category mobility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia rational self-aware Robert Audley needs Gerald Coventry Allan Armadales need the figure of the governess in order to happen themselves. The governess didactic map does non halt at the direction cosmetic achievements, French. Their behavior is doubtless indocile but to ask rightful topographic point in the patriarchal order. Fetterley argues that Jean Muir ‘s narrative ‘articulates a extremist review of the cultural concepts of â€Å" muliebrity † and â€Å" small muliebrity, † exposing them as functions that adult females must play, masks they must set on in order to last. Therefore, Jean must play the function of the inactive and submissive beauty, but with the computation of a marauder, in order to achieve the wealth and position she urgently desires. ‘[ 9 ]This is undeniably accurate, and Jean ‘s letters to her co-conspirator, Hortense, reveal that she calculates her every move with the ‘cunning of a marauder. ‘ As Jean embarks on her new life as Lady Coventry the combustion of her letters is the symbolic rejection of her past life but the successful devastation of the ‘cunning marauder ‘s ‘ past life besides symbolises triumph and farther authorization of the indocile female. In decision, the villainess in esthesis fiction the heroine can be said is portrayed as more person than Godhead, a flesh and blood. The Victorian Villain Goes A-Governessing In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbk Appearance inversion of countenance. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Heroines more mortal than Godhead. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia ‘you know the evil I have committed ‘ Juliet toilet ‘Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. ‘ 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss. In this analysis, the societal and political alterations that Kilroy identifies as a beginning of anxiousness and fear-married adult females ‘s belongings rights and civil divorce, for example-are liberating, although the Schroeders note Thursday female characters such as Clara Talboys Muse and inspiration interesting stance, the ‘pale governess ‘ 15 old ages pittance return to be married The Victorian Villain Goes A-Governessing In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbk Appearance inversion of countenance. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Heroines more mortal than Godhead. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia ‘you know the evil I have committed ‘ Juliet toilet ‘Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. ‘ 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss.

Development Through the Lifespan Essay

In brief form explain why knowledge of human development over the lifespan is important for counsellors to be aware of. Learning about human growth and development signalled, to me, the importance of assessing and considering developmental goals when working with both children and adults. Life-span development theories provide a useful place to start when offering emotional support as a Counsellor. Understanding an individual’s previous stages of development and environment can give the Counselor and Client a common place from which to begin the counselling process. Essentially, the life-span development approach addresses the basic ‘nature vs nurture’ debate by allowing for both. Just as our physicals selves are determined by both genetics and lifestyle, so are our emotional selves. Considering cognitive, biological, and socio-emotional development throughout life will provide context, guideposts, and reasonable expectations for Counsellors. Knowledge of human development over a lifespan is important for counselors to be aware of because it allows them to identify natural stages and cycles that individuals will commonly go through in their lifetime. This can help counsellors to identify what is normal and what is abnormal. Being aware of these abnormalities/normalities could save the counsellor a great of time in the assessment and interview process, the formulation of treatment goals and could ultimately change the treatment plan. As a Professional Counsellor, I plan to consider life-span development to specialize in counselling a specific type of person with hopes of becoming well-versed, and therefore more helpful, in the types of experiences that group faces. Personality can be better understood if it is examined developmentally† (Santrock, 2006, p. 45). Give two short examples of how developmental knowledge would help a counsellor deal with two specific types of adult issues. A client comes to me for stress related symptoms and during the assessment I learn that he is 22, halfway through his first year of graduate school and the first time he’s away from his home town, 2,000 kilometers away. Since he falls within the norm, I may want to delve into some related issues to also be able to cross them off a list that I use to form my diagnosis and treatment plan. Had he not been in the 19-25 age range, my assessment goals would be different. If I were asked to counsel a group, I could employ a standard set of questionnaires for everyone to fill out. From there I could ascertain many important characteristics, feelings, longings which they all had in common. I could use the lifespan to formulate a generational perspective to better relate to where they are at in this part of their life cycle. Acquiring a rich amount information in a short period of time could be very valuable in guiding the group towards their goal with compassion and empathy. Development through the lifespan is a concept of how people develop throughout the lifetime. Typically, this involves a sequence of stages and describes important factors that are likely to influence development. BENEFITS: Criteria for mental health, with characteristics of unhealthy or disordered emotional functioning either explicitly or implicitly stated. This information is important in helping people set realistic treatment goals and in assessing progress. Information on how to promote healthy development and help people reduce symptoms and enhance their coping skills and satisfaction with their lives. A description of the role of the effective counselor and the desired relationship between client and counselor. Nearly all theories of counseling currently recognize the powerful impact of the therapeutic alliance and offer clinicians ways to collaborate effectively with their clients. A safe and healing environment and a caring, skilled, and trustworthy counselor are essential to successful treatment. Strategies and interventions that counselors can use to help people achieve their counseling goals. Examples include reflections of feeling, modification of cognitive distortions, and systematic desensitization. Information on treatment parameters such as duration and frequency of sessions; whether to use individual, group, or family treatment; and benefits of medication and other adjunct services. Delineation of those people who are most likely to benefit from this treatment approach. Adaptation throughout life depends on how each of us negotiates the internal and external factors that enhance or constrain our abilities to reach our full potentials. The essence of lifespan development is in how we build on our strengths to transcend these limitations over time. While a developmental perspective has been at the heart of psychotherapeutic practice since its early Freudian beginnings, the view of development as a process spanning from birth to death is relatively recent. According to Sugarman (2001), the emphasis on childhood during much of the 20th century reflected prevailing restrictive notions of what constituted â€Å"development†, as only changes that were â€Å"sequential, unidirectional, universal, irreversible, and end-state or goal-directed† were seen to count as development. Developmental theories have increasingly expanded beyond these confines, however, and since the 1980s it has been possible to talk of a whole life-span perspective (Baltes, Reese & Lipsitt, 1980) which shares certain underlying principles, formulated by Baltes (1987, cited in Sugarman, 2001) as the seven tenets of this orientation. These can be summarized as viewing development as a lifelong process which is multidimensional and multidirectional, shows plasticity, involves both gains and losses, is interactive, culturally and historically embedded, and the study of which is multidisciplinary. While such a view of development broadens the scope both for the researcher and the practitioner, it also entails that there is no one â€Å"correct† way of development, something that places particular demands on Counselling Psychologists. We need to be open-minded and able to embrace complex and contradictory notions of development on the one hand, and be improvement-orientated on the other, so changes are inevitably evaluated, i. e. measured against some ideal. While these challenges are met differently by different approaches to counselling and psychotherapy, Sugarman (2001, p. ) points out that there is overlap between different perspectives, as they describe â€Å"common themes if not of perfection, then at least of successful ageing†. Across different therapy models, the practitioner – like the life span researcher – is involved in â€Å"finding, co-constructing and interpreting the stories people create and use to describe and understand their lives† (Sugarman, 2003,p. 316). How the story is constructed is influenced by the practitioner’s orientation, but the goal is ultimately to help the client make their own choices. Evaluating some events as negative does not entail being concerned with eliminating negatives, as, for example in a â€Å"disease† model (Sugarman, 2001). In the life-span approach, negative events are rather viewed as necessary parts of life that provide the opportunity for growth (Sugarman, 2003). The move from development as something occurring only in childhood to a continuous process spanning from birth to death brings the subject of death itself to attention. If death is merely the endpoint of the life span and of development, it could easily be discarded as a subject of interest. However, even if we see death as nothing more than the end of life, as its destination, then it follows that the life course is a movement towards death and that death is in some sense present throughout life. One fundamental existential truth is that we must die. This certainty in life is also the most incomprehensible truth for us to come to terms with, as, in the philosopher Herbert Fingarette’s words (1996), â€Å"in our consciousness [we] will never know death firsthand† (p. ). Freud (1915, as cited in Fingarette, 1996, p. 150) wrote similarly: â€Å"At bottom, no one believes in his own death. Or, what comes to the same, in the Unconscious, each of us is convinced of his immortality. † This also suggests that we have a tendency to deny death, something that according to Yalom (1980, p. 59) occurs not only in the client but also in the therapist and, as he claims, â€Å"there is collective denial in the entire field of psychotherapy†. There may also be denial in the study of life-span development, as Sugarman (2001) makes scarce mention of death throughout her otherwise authoritative text on the subject. This seems odd considering that not only the structure of the life course is determined by our expectation of death but also the meanings we attach to life. In fact, as Fingarette explains, our conceptions of life and death can be seen as mutually influencing each other: â€Å"A mirror, too, is empty, without content, yet it reflects us back to ourselves in a reverse image. To try to contemplate the meaning of my death is in fact to reveal to myself the meaning of my life. † (p. 5) Death awareness thus sharpens our awareness of life, and making sense of death involves making sense of life, as, for example, through constructing our life story, an activity that requires a sense of authorship. For Yalom (1980, p. 31), who bases his thinking partly on Heidegger, â€Å"death is the condition that makes it possible for us to live life in an authentic fashion†. Death awareness is then worth facilitating in Counselling Psychology practice, as it helps clients re-evaluate life and make important changes towards a more fulfilled life. There is ample literature promoting a positive view of death, e. g. Kubler-Ross (1975) who describes death as â€Å"the final stage of growth† and â€Å"the key to the door of life† (p. 164). She believes that growth is the purpose of living and that we all have an inner source of love and strength which connects us with the eternal and that we live more fully when we are aware of this source. Stephen Levine (1986) takes this perspective further and encourages the reader to prepare to die by letting go of their sense of self, something that can be practised through meditation and through accepting and even welcoming pain. Both authors may be over-optimistic but they have something to teach all practitioners of psychotherapy and counselling about openness and compassion. Levine thinks that therapists can only give what they have got themselves and that how they deal with their own suffering determines the depth at which they are available to the client. A completely open relationship towards pain and death may only be possible for a fervent religious believer, but Yalom (1980) warns that faith may also act as a defence against death anxiety. According to Yalom, we cope with death anxiety by employing more or less healthy defences, and it is neither possible nor desirable for the therapist to completely eliminate death anxiety in the client, as some anxiety is necessary for life-enhancing death awareness. Instead it is the rapist’s task to facilitate a â€Å"sense of certainty and mastery† (p. 189) through enabling the client to create a coherent structure out of their life events. This would be in line with the above-mentioned goals formulated by Sugarman (2003) and indicates how death awareness can enhance life-span awareness and promote a more conscious narrative re-framing in Counselling Psychology practice. While death awareness and anxiety are relevant themes throughout life, they assume particular importance in mid-life. The term â€Å"mid-life crisis† was coined by Jaques (1965), who conducted a biographical study of over 300 major artists and found a marked increase in the death rate between the ages of 35 and 39 as well as a definite change in the quality and content of creative output. It has to be noted here that due to an increase in longevity, â€Å"mid-life† would now occur at a later stage, so a definition of this phase in terms of a specific age range must be viewed with caution on account of historical changes alone. Furthermore, rather than trying to determine an exact period at which mid-life occurs, researchers now tend to see it as an â€Å"ageless† phase, characterized more by themes and on texts (Biggs, 2003). However, Jaques† general observations regarding the differences between an artist’s early productions and those later in life may still be of interest today. Specifically, he notices a â€Å"hot-from-the-fire creativity† during the artist’s youth and more of a â€Å"sculpted creativity† as of the late thirties (Jaques, 1965, p. 503). To achieve the greater serenity of mature work, the artist is seen to undergo a â€Å"mid-life crisisâ€Å". Jaques regards this crisis as arising from depressive anxieties due to an awareness of one’s own inevitable death on entering the second half of life. Coming from a psychoanalytic perspective, he views youthful idealism as arising from the unconscious denial of human mortality and destructiveness (what Freud called the â€Å"death instinct†) and argues that â€Å"constructive resignation† (p. 505) to these inevitable truths at mid-life can lead to mature creativity. However, this requires the painful working-through of a depressive crisis. While Sugarman (2001) comments that only a minority of people actually experience a crisis of such proportions, Counselling Psychology clients are more likely to be among this minority. However, Kleinberg (1995, as cited in Biggs, 2003) has observed that many mid-life clients enter therapy to deal with â€Å"stagnation† rather than a crisis, although issues around ageing and finitude are also present. A more comprehensive approach to mid-life has been presented by Levinson et al. 1978), whose stage theory of the „seasons of a man’s life? has particularly illuminated the developmental tasks of the â€Å"mid-life transition† (p. 191), a term based on Jung’s description of the divide between the first and second halves of life, the â€Å"noon of life† (p. 33). According to Levinson – whose theory is restricted to men, although much could apply to women too – this is a time of disillusionment, as the current life structure and the self need to be modified and some fundamental polarities, i. . young/old, destruction/creation, masculine/feminine and attachment/separateness, need to be resolved in preparation for middle age. Similar to Jaques (1965), Le Vinson emphasises that the illusion of one’s immortality must be given up, a painful process that may, however, lead to greater maturity: â€Å"Slowly the omnipotent Young hero recedes, and in his place emerges a middle-aged man with more knowledge of his limitations as well as greater real power and authority† (p. 218).